The marble slab, which dates to between 300 and 500 C.E., is the oldest-known stone tablet inscribed with the Commandments.

My heart is breaking. My soul is aching,” an archaeologist said, as Israel’s bombardment threatens or destroys Roman amphitheaters, crusaders’ citadels and centuries-old souks.

In a finding that bridges ancient mythology with historical cartography, the British Museum’s analysis of a 3,000-year-old ...